Sprinklers may be required to be installed by building codes, or may be recommended by insurance companies to reduce potential property losses or business interruption. Building codes in the United States for places of assembly, generally over 100 persons, and places with overnight sleeping accommodation such as hotels, nursing homes, dormitories, and hospitals usually require sprinklers either under local building codes, as a condition of receiving State and Federal funding or as a requirement to obtain certification (essential for institutions who wish to train medical staff.

Operation

Each closed-head sprinkler is held closed by either a heat-sensitive glass bulb or a two-part metal link held together with fusible alloy. The glass bulb or link applies pressure to a pip cap which acts as a plug which prevents water from flowing until the ambient temperature around the sprinkler reaches the design activation temperature of the individual sprinkler head. In a standard wet-pipe sprinkler system, each sprinkler activates independently when the predetermined heat level is reached. Because of this, the number of sprinklers that operate is limited to only those near the fire, thereby maximizing the available water pressure over the point of fire origin.
A sprinkler activation will do less damage than a fire department hose stream, which provide approximately 900 liters/min (250 US gallons/min). A typical sprinkler used for industrial manufacturing occupancies discharge about 75-150 litres/min (20-40 US gallons/min). However, a typical Early Suppression Fast Response (ESFR) sprinkler at a pressure of 50 psi (340 kPa) will discharge approximately 100 US gallons per minute (0.0063 m3/s). In addition, a sprinkler will usually activate between one and four minutes, whereas the fire department typically takes at least five minutes to arrive at the fire site after receiving an alarm, and an additional ten minutes to set up equipment and apply hose streams to the fire. This additional time can result in a much larger fire, requiring much more water to achieve extinguishment. Design intent Sprinkler systems are intended to either control the fire or to suppress the fire. Control mode sprinklers are intended to control the heat release rate of the fire to prevent building structure collapse, and pre-wet the surrounding combustibles to prevent fire spread. The fire is not extinguished until the burning combustibles are exhausted or manual extinguishment is effected by firefighters. Suppression mode sprinklers (formerly known as Early Suppression Fast Response (ESFR) sprinklers) are intended to result in a severe sudden reduction of the heat release rate of the fire, followed quickly by complete extinguishment, prior to manual intervention.

1. Wet pipe systems
2. Dry pipe systems
3. Deluge systems
4. Pre-Action Systems
5. Foam water sprinkler systems
6. Water spray

1.    PURPOSE
The purpose of this Standard is to ensure

1.1.    This standard sets out the company’s minimum requirements in terms of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
1.2.    This standard is not exhaustive and operations may identify site specific PPE requirements through risk assessments and the use of a PPE need matrix.

2.    SCOPE

This Standard applies to all Tongaat Hulett Operations.

3.    REFERENCES
Occupational Health and Safety Act 85/1993  
•    General Safety Regulations – Regulation 2(3), 3(9)
•    Driven Machine Regulations – regulation 20(3) (a), 8(6)
•    Section 38 (1) (n) & (o)
•    General Safety Regulations 2, 9 (General Health & Safety Regulation 2 & 9)
•    General Safety Regulations – Regulation 2 (3) (a)
•    Environmental Regulations – Regulation 2 (2) (b)
•    Asbestos Regulations

SANS 809- 1984 – Industrial Safety Harnesses
SANS 1280 – Specification for Industrial Safety Belt Webbing
SANS 0400
SANS 0041 – Code of Practice for Noxious Dusts & Fumes
SANS 434, 1068 AND 136 – Protective Clothing
SANS 492 – Standard Specifications for Symbolic Safety Signs
SANS 083 – 1993.  Measurement and assessment of occupational noise for hearing conservation purposes.
SANS 1451 – Part 1 & 2 - Standard Specification for Hearing Protectors, Ear Muffs & Plugs and / or applicable legislation for operations outside South Africa.

Personal protective equipment (PPE) refers to protective clothing, helmets, goggles, or other gear designed to protect the wearer's body or clothing from injury by electrical hazards, heat, chemicals, and infection, for job-related occupational safety and health purposes.

Assessing suitable PPE

Consider the following when assessing whether PPE is suitable:

The hazards and types of PPE:
Eyes

Head

Breathing

Hands and arms
Hazards: abrasion, temperature extremes, cuts and punctures, impact, chemicals, electric shock, skin infection, disease or contamination.
Options: gloves, gauntlets, mitts, wristcuffs, armlets.

Feet and legs - safety wear
Hazards: wet, electrostatic build-up, slipping, cuts and punctures, falling objects, metal and chemical splash, abrasion.
Options: safety boots and shoes with protective toe caps and penetration-resistant mid-sole, gaiters, leggings, spats.    

Full Body Safety Harness - Patented

Parachute type full body harness

• Super comfort
• Light weight
• Unisex friendly & available in pink
• Adjustment on the leg straps
• Adjustable shoulder straps
• Padded dorsal d’ring in A frame preventing tangling
• 44mm webbing - UV treated (Black or blue)
• Regular and oversize available
• Elasticated 44mm black webbing chest strap
• D-rings on waist for leg straps*

Manufactured to SANS 50361

Add on products

• Double Legged Lanyards - Shock Absorbing
• Standing Step
• Duffel Bag

 (Product Patent Pending)

Basic entry level parachute type safety harness

• Adjustment on the leg straps
• Padded dorsal d’ring
• 44mm black webbing - UV treated
• 25mm chest strap
• Regular and oversize available

Manufactured to SANS 50361

Add on products

• Double Legged Lanyards - Shock Absorbing
• Standing Step
• Duffel Bag

Full Body Safety Harness - Patented

Fall arrest - Mining - Parachute type

• Adjustment shoulder straps
• Adjustable waist - attached
• Adjustable leg straps
• Padded dorsal d’ring
• 44mm webbing - UV treated
• Sizes available (Small - XX Large)
• 45mm Chest strap - floating buckle
• D’ring on shoulder straps
• Hologram - Spiderwebb
• Battery straps on waist belt (strapping)
• Standing step in pouch on waist belt

Manufactured to SANS 50361 

Add on products

• Double Legged Lanyards
• Duffel Bag

Basic entry level parachute type safety harness

• Adjustment on the leg straps
• Adjustable waist belt
• Padded dorsal d’ring
• 44mm black webbing - UV treated
• 25mm chest strap
• Regular and oversize available

Manufactured to SANS 50361

Add on products

• Double Legged Lanyards - Shock Absorbing
• Standing Step
• Duffel Bag

Full Body Safety Harness - Patented

Fall arrest - Mining - Parachute type

• Adjustment shoulder straps
• Adjustable waist - permanently attached
• Adjustable leg straps
• Padded dorsal d’ring
• 44mm webbing - UV treated
• Sizes available (Small - XX Large)
• 45mm Chest strap - floating buckle
• D’ring on shoulder straps
• Padded waist 185mm
• Padded leg straps
• Hologram - Spiderwebb
• Standing step in pouch on waist belt

Manufactured to SANS 50361

Add on products

• Double Legged Lanyards • Duffel Bag

Foam systems protect virtually any hazard where flammable liquids are present. These hazards are common to a multitude of industries including Petrochemical, Chemical, Oil and Gas, Aviation, Marine/Offshore, Manufacturing, Utilities,

• Military, and Transportation.
• Flammable Liquid Storage
• Loading Racks
• Processing Areas
• Refineries
• Dike Areas
• Aircraft Hangars
• Heliports
• Jet Engine Test Facilities
• LNG Storage/Manufacturing
• Marine Applications
• Warehouses

How Foam Systems Work

Fire fighting foam systems suppress fire by separating the fuel from the air (oxygen). Depending on the type of foam system, this is done in several ways:

The following represents operation of a typical foam-water sprinkler system.

Although many other types of systems are available; a basic foam system will always require foam agent storage, proportioning equipment, one or more discharge devices, and a manual and/or automatic means of detecting the fire and actuating the system.

Fire breaks out in the rack storage area of a flammable liquid warehouse.

Rising heat from the fire ruptures the quartzoid bulb(s) in the sprinkler head(s) which starts the flow of water.

Flowing water opens the alarm check valve which allows water to open the hydraulic foam concentrate valve and operate the water-motor gong.

Foam concentrate flows from the bladder tank into the proportioner where it is mixed with the flowing water at the designed foam solution percentage.

Foam is generated as the foam solution discharges through the sprinkler head(s) onto the fire.

Full Body Safety Harness - Patented

Fall arrest - Mining - Parachute type

• Adjustment shoulder straps
• Adjustable waist - permanently attached
• Adjustable leg straps
• Padded dorsal d’ring
• 44mm webbing - UV treated
• Sizes available (Small - XX Large)
• 45mm Chest strap - floating buckle
• D’ring on shoulder straps
• Hologram - Spiderwebb
• Battery straps on waist belt (strapping)
• Standing step in pouch on waist belt

Manufactured to SANS 50361

Add on products

• Double Legged Lanyards • Duffel Bag

This type of installation gives each detector on a system an individual number, or address. Thus, addressable detectors allow an FACP, and therefore fire fighters, to know the exact location of an alarm where the address is indicated on a diagram.

Analog addressable detectors provide information about the amount of smoke in their detection area, so that the FACP can decide for itself if there is an alarm condition in that area (possibly considering day/night time and the readings of surrounding areas). These are usually more expensive than autonomous deciding detectors.

Full Body Safety Harness - Patented

Fall arrest - Work Positioning - Front and Rear Attachment - Parachute Type

• Horizontal leg straps
• Adjustable shoulder straps
• Adjustable leg straps
• Dorsal fall arrest d’ring
• Sternal fall arrest d’ring on chest strap
• Padded shoulders (Cross type)
• Padded legs (Large)
• Padded under leg buckles
• Quick release buckles
• Standing step (To reduce the risk of harness trauma)

• 44mm webbing - UV treated
• Sizes available (Small - XX Large)

Manufactured to SANS 50361, 50358

Add on products

• Double Legged Lanyards • Duffel Bag

The word Conventional is slang used to distinguish the method used to communicate with the control unit from that used by addressable detectors whose methods were unconventional at the time of their introduction. So called “Conventional Detectors” cannot be individually identified by the control unit and resemble an electrical switch in their information capacity. These detectors are connected in parallel to the signaling path or (initiating device circuit) so that the current flow is monitored to indicate a closure of the circuit path by any connected detector when smoke or other similar environmental stimulus sufficiently influences any detector. The resulting increase in current flow is interpreted and processed by the control unit as a confirmation of the presence of smoke and a fire alarm signal is generated.

With 3 or 5 attachments

Full Body Safety Harness - Patented

Fall arrest - Parachute type

• Adjustment shoulder straps
• Adjustable waist - permanently attached
• D’ring on waist for work positioning
• Adjustable leg straps
• Triangle back padding
• 44mm webbing - UV treated
• Sizes available (Small - XX Large)
• Chest strap options - 25mm standard
• Padded shoulder straps
• D’ring on each shoulder strap
• Standing step in pouch

Manufactured to SANS 50361

Add on products

• Double Legged Lanyards  
• Duffel Bag

An integrated locking mechanism for commercial building doors. Inside an enclosure are a locking device, smoke detector and power supply.

Commercial smoke detectors are either conventional or analog addressable, and are wired up to security monitoring systems or fire alarm control panels (FACP). These are the most common type of detector, and usually cost a lot more than a household smoke alarms. They exist in most commercial and industrial facilities, such as high rises, ships and trains. These detectors don't need to have built in alarms, as alarm systems can be controlled by the connected FACP, which will set off relevant alarms, and can also implement complex functions such as a staged evacuation.

Full Body Safety Harness - Patented

Fall arrest - Work Positioning - Front and Rear Attachment - Parachute Type

• Horizontal leg straps
• Adjustable shoulder straps
• Adjustable waist and leg straps
• Dorsal fall arrest d’ring
• Sternal fall arrest d’ring on chest strap
• Buzz loops on shoulder straps
• Padded shoulders (Cross type)
• Padded legs (Large)
• Padded waist belt (125mm)
• Padded under leg buckles
• Work positioning d’rings
• Quick release buckles
• Standing step (To reduce the risk of harness trauma)

• 44mm webbing - UV treated
• Sizes available (Small - XX Large)

Manufactured to SANS 50361, 50358

Some smoke alarms use a carbon dioxide sensor or carbon monoxide sensor in order to detect extremely dangerous products of combustion. However, not all smoke detectors that are advertised with such gas sensors are actually able to warn of poisonous levels of those gases in the absence of a fire.

Full Body Safety Harness -Spider (New Rope Access)

Fall arrest - Rope access - Restraint

• Adjustable shoulder straps - vertical strap down front of body attached to waist with screw gate carabiner

• Adjustable waist - permanently attached
• Adjustable leg straps
• Cross over padding under dorsal d’ring
• Padded waist and leg straps (Large)
• 44mm webbing - UV treated
• Sizes available (Small - XX Large)
• Sternal & Dorsal fall arrest d’ring
• Tool loops
• Large d’ring on front of waist belt
• Work positioning d’rings on waist belt held down with Velcro strips when not in use.

Manufactured to SANS 50361

Add on products

• Quick release buckles (Waist, legs)
• Integrated Crall

An air-sampling smoke detector is capable of detecting microscopic particles of smoke. Most air-sampling detectors are aspirating smoke detectors, which work by actively drawing air through a network of small-bore pipes laid out above or below a ceiling in parallel runs covering a protected area. Small holes drilled into each pipe form a matrix of holes (sampling points), providing an even distribution across the pipe network. Air samples are drawn past a sensitive optical device, often a solid-state laser, tuned to detect the extremely small particles of combustion. Air-sampling detectors may be used to trigger an automatic fire response, such as a gaseous fire suppression system, in high-value or mission-critical areas, such as archives or computer server rooms.

Most air-sampling smoke detection systems are capable of a higher sensitivity than spot type smoke detectors and provide multiple levels of alarm threshold, such as Alert, Action, Fire 1 and Fire 2. Thresholds may be set at levels across a wide range of smoke levels. This provides earlier notification of a developing fire than spot type smoke detection, allowing manual intervention or activation of automatic suppression systems before a fire has developed beyond the smoldering stage, thereby increasing the time available for evacuation and minimizing fire damage.

Closed-circuit television (CCTV) is the use of video cameras to transmit a signal to a specific place, on a limited set of monitors.

It differs from broadcast television in that the signal is not openly transmitted, though it may employ point to point (P2P), point to multipoint, or mesh wireless links. Though almost all video cameras fit this definition, the term is most often applied to those used for surveillance in areas that may need monitoring such as banks, casinos, airports, military installations, and convenience stores. Videotelephony is seldom called "CCTV" but the use of video in distance education, where it is an important tool, is often so called.

In industrial plants, CCTV equipment may be used to observe parts of a process from a central control room, for example when the environment is not suitable for humans. CCTV systems may operate continuously or only as required to monitor a particular event. A more advanced form of CCTV, utilizing Digital Video Recorders (DVRs), provides recording for possibly many years, with a variety of quality and performance options and extra features (such as motion-detection and email alerts). More recently, decentralized IP-based CCTV cameras, some equipped with megapixel sensors, support recording directly to network-attached storage devices, or internal flash for completely stand-alone operation.

Access control refers to exerting control over who can interact with a resource. Often but not always, this involves an authority, who does the controlling. The resource can be a given building, group of buildings, or computer-based information system. But it can also refer to a restroom stall where access is controlled by using a coin to open the door.

Access control is, in reality, an everyday phenomenon. A lock on a car door is essentially a form of access control. A PIN on an ATM system at a bank is another means of access control. The possession of access control is of prime importance when persons seek to secure important, confidential, or sensitive information and equipment.

Physical access control is a matter of who, where, and when. An access control system determines who is allowed to enter or exit, where they are allowed to exit or enter, and when they are allowed to enter or exit. Historically this was partially accomplished through keys and locks. When a door is locked only someone with a key can enter through the door depending on how the lock is configured. Mechanical locks and keys do not allow restriction of the key holder to specific times or dates. Mechanical locks and keys do not provide records of the key used on any specific door and the keys can be easily copied or transferred to an unauthorized person. When a mechanical key is lost or the key holder is no longer authorized to use the protected area, the locks must be re-keyed.

Electronic access control uses computers to solve the limitations of mechanical locks and keys. A wide range of credentials can be used to replace mechanical keys. The electronic access control system grants access based on the credential presented. When access is granted, the door is unlocked for a predetermined time and the transaction is recorded. When access is refused, the door remains locked and the attempted access is recorded. The system will also monitor the door and alarm if the door is forced open or held open too long after being unlocked.

This type of detector is cheaper than the optical detector; however, it is sometimes rejected because it is more prone to false (nuisance) alarms than photoelectric smoke detectors. It can detect particles of smoke that are too small to be visible. It includes about 37 kBq or 1 µCi of radioactive americium-241 (241Am), corresponding to about 0.3 µg of the isotope. The radiation passes through an ionization chamber, an air-filled space between two electrodes, and permits a small, constant current between the electrodes. Any smoke that enters the chamber absorbs the alpha particles, which reduces the ionization and interrupts this current, setting off the alarm.

241Am, an alpha emitter, has a half-life of 432 years. This means that it does not have to be replaced during the useful life of the detector, and also makes it safe for people at home, since it is only slightly radioactive. Alpha radiation, as opposed to beta and gamma, is used for two additional reasons: Alpha particles have high ionization, so sufficient air particles will be ionized for the current to exist, and they have low penetrative power, meaning they will be stopped by the plastic of the smoke detector and/or the air. About one percent of the emitted radioactive energy of 241Am is gamma radiation.

An optical detector is a light sensor. When used as a smoke detector, it includes a light source (incandescent bulb or infrared LED), a lens to collimate the light into a beam, and a photodiode  or other photoelectric sensor at an angle to the beam as a light detector. In the absence of smoke, the light passes in front of the detector in a straight line. When smoke enters the optical chamber across the path of the light beam, some light is scattered  by the smoke particles, directing it at the sensor and thus triggering the alarm.

Also seen in large rooms, such as a gymnasium or an auditorium, are devices to detect a projected beam. A unit on the wall sends out a beam, which is either received by a receiver or reflected back via a mirror. When the beam is less visible to the "eye" of the sensor, it sends an alarm signal to the fire alarm control panel.

Optical smoke detectors are quick in detecting particulate (smoke) generated by smoldering (cool, smoky) fires. Many independent tests indicate that optical smoke detectors typically detect particulates (smoke) from hot, flaming fires approximately 30 seconds later than ionization smoke alarms.

They are less sensitive to false alarms from steam or cooking fumes generated in kitchen or steam from the bathroom than are ionization smoke alarms. For the aforementioned reason, they are often referred to as 'toast proof' smoke alarms.

Gaseous fire suppression is a term to describe the use of inert gases and chemical agents to extinguish a fire . Also called Clean Agent Fire Suppression. These Agents are governed by the NFPA Standard for Clean Agent Fire Extinguishing Systems - NFPA 2001. The system typically consists of the agent, agent storage containers, agent release valves, fire detectors , fire detection system (wiring control panel, actuation signaling), agent delivery piping, and agent dispersion nozzles. Less typically, the agent may be delivered by means of solid propellant gas generators that produce either inert or chemically active gas.

 There are four means used by the agents to extinguish a fire. They act on the "fire tetrahedron":

• Reduction or isolation of fuel
• No agents currently use this as the primary means of fire suppression.
• Reduction of heat
• Representative agents: HFC-227ea (MH227, FM-200), Novec 1230, HFC-125 (ECARO-25) .
• Reduction or isolation of oxygen
• Representative agents: Argonite / IG-55 (ProInert), CO2 carbon dioxide, IG-541 Inergen, and IG-100 (NN100).
• Inhibiting the chain reaction of the above components
• Representative agents: FE-13, FE-227, FE-25, MH227, FM-200, Halons, Halon 1301, Freon 13T1, NAF P-IV, NAF S-III, and Triodide (Trifluoroiodomethane).

Application

Broadly speaking, there are two methods for applying an extinguishing agent: total flooding and local application.
Systems working on a total flooding principle apply an extinguishing agent to a three dimensional enclosed space in order to achieve a concentration of the agent (volume percent of the agent in air) adequate to extinguish the fire. These types of systems may be operated automatically by detection and related controls or manually by the operation of a system actuator.
Systems working on a local application principle apply an extinguishing agent directly onto a fire (usually a two dimensional area), or into the three dimensional region immediately surrounding the substance or object on fire. The main difference in local application from total flooding design is the absence of physical barriers enclosing the fire space.
In the context of automatic extinguishing systems, local application does normally not refer to the use of manually operated wheeled or portable fire extinguishers, although the nature of the agent delivery is similar.

Suffocation

Warning sign for fire supression system.
Systems using certain agents, such as carbon dioxide, in enclosed spaces present a risk of suffocation. Numerous incidents have occurred where individuals in these spaces have been killed by carbon dioxide agent release. To prevent such occurrences, additional life safety systems are typically installed with a warning alarm that precedes the agent release. The warning, usually an audible and visible alert, advises the immediate evacuation of the enclosed space. After a preset time, the agent starts to discharge. Accidents have also occurred during maintenance of these systems, so proper safety precautions must be taken beforehand.

Barotrauma
The positive pressure caused by extinguishant release of the Inert agents in this group (IG-541, IG-55, IG-100) may be sufficient to break windows and walls. Humans and structures must be adequately protected.

"Water spray" systems are operationally identical to a deluge system, but the piping and discharge nozzle spray patterns are designed to protect a uniquely configured hazard, usually being three dimensional components or equipment (i.e., as opposed to a deluge system, which is designed to cover the horizontal floor area of a room). The nozzles used may not be listed fire sprinklers, and are usually selected for a specific spray pattern to conform to the three dimensional nature of the hazard (e.g., typical spray patterns being oval, fan, full circle, narrow jet). Examples of hazards protected by water spray systems are electrical transformers containing oil for cooling or turbgenerator bearings. Water spray systems can also be used externally on the surfaces of tanks containing flammable liquids or gasses (such as hydrogen). Here the water spray is intended to cool the tank and its contents to prevent tank rupture/explosion (BLEVE) and fire spread.

The BEST features of bolted and field-weld tank construction have been combined together in Tank Connection's RTP bolted tank design:

·         Precision RTP (rolled, tapered panel design) is the top rated bolted design for fire protection applications...worldwide
·         Standard accessory packages include access ladders/stairways, manways, level controls, heaters, insulation and other customized spec requirements
·         Unmatched performance of LIQ Fusion 7000 FBE™ (by Akzo Nobel) interior powder coat system is NSF 61 approved and comes with a standard 5 year limited warranty
·         Exclusive performance of EXT Fusion 5000 SDP™ (by Akzo Nobel) exterior, which comes with a standard 3 year limited warranty
·         The NO LEAK bolted storage tank
·         Long life...low maintenance storage
·         Top rated in field installation safety - tank installation crews install tanks at grade level utilizing synchronized, hydraulic screw jack processes
·         QA system certified - unmatched product quality
·         Manufactured by the recognized experts in tank fabrication with over 1700 years of combined storage tank experience
·         Economics of value
·         Modular construction - easily shipped worldwide
·         RTP tank construction is the ONLY tank design recognized as a replacement for field-weld tank construction

Tank Connection designs, manufactures and installs the top rated bolted tank design available for fire protection applications... worldwide. Designed to meet Factory Mutual and NFPA 22 requirements, the Tank Connection performance package remains unmatched in the industry. GET CONNECTED with the Engineer's 1st choice in fire protection storage tanks!

·         Designed for your specific "water reserve" requirements
·         Bolted RTP (rolled, tapered panel) tank construction is available from 5000 gallons up to 4 million gallons (15,141.65 cubic meters)
·         Outdates API 12B tank construction
·         TC also offers Hybrid & Field-Weld tank construction for larger capacity applications

Tank Connection also supplies and installs components for a complete fire protection water storage system. Typical components include the following:

·         Vertical Standing Seam Tank Insulation
·         Sidewall and roof panels are constructed from 0.025" thick stucco embossed formed aluminum sheets which are laminated to a 2" thick foil-faced polyisocyanurate foam board
·         Panels are secured to a series of 1/4" stainless steel cables by stainless steel strapping which attach to the preformed standing seam
·         Panels are interlocked and seamed together continuously from bottom to top
·         The "R" value for the system is 12.9
·         Tank Immersion Heaters
·         Designed to be used in conjunction with TC standard tank insulation package
·         Maintains 42 degree Fahrenheit water temperature at -10 ambient temperature
·         Mounts to tank using 6" 150# flanged nozzle
·         Heating element can be replaced without draining the tank
·         1.5 to 25 kW range - sized per application
·         480 Volt / 3 Phase / NEMA 4 rated control box
·         Capacitance Probes - High & Low Level Indication
·         Ultrasonic Transmitters - Continuous Level Indication
·         Automatic Fill Valves
·         Temperature Switches

A smoke detector is a device that detects smoke, typically as an indicator of fire. Commercial, industrial, and mass residential devices issue a signal to a fire alarm system, while household detectors, known as smoke alarms, generally issue a local audible and/or visual alarm from the detector itself.